有时候我们看一些译文会发现虽然译文好像没什么语法错误,但读起来很不自然,这种情况一般是句式不符合英语表达习惯导致的。比如“我们学校女生比男生多”,根据汉语的表达习惯容易写成:Female students in our school are more than male students. 但更加符合英语表达习惯的说法是:There are more female students in our school than male ones.
又比如“我突然想到了一个主意”,有同学可能会写:I suddenly had an idea. 但更好的译法是:An idea occurred to me.
此外,对于常见的there be句式,使用时也要特别注意。
很多同学会在考研图画作文的第一段用there be句型来描述图画,例如“在图中有两个年轻人在登山”,有些人会写成:In the picture, there are two young people climb the mountain. 这种写法是错误的,climb the mountain应该改为现在分词形式,即:In the picture, there are two young people climbing the mountain. 或者用定语从句:In the picture, there are two young people who are climbing the mountain.
(2)语义重复
汉语中有时候为了强调会重复用词,如果直译就容易出现冗余问题。举个例子,“我们必须节约,减少不必要的开支”,有人可能译成:We should practice economy and reduce unnecessary spending. 但仔细分析原文后我们会发现,“节约”和“减少不必要的开支”其实说的是同一件事情,如果直译会表意重复,可以直接写成:We should practice economy.
又比如“尽管有过争吵,他们仍然是好朋友”,有人译为:In spite of their quarrel, they still remained good friends. 这里still和remain出现了词义重复,因为remain就包含了前者的意思,因此要去掉still这一单词。
(3)时态问题
动词的时态问题也是中译英的一个难点。举个例子,假如我们到了某个地方之后发现有朋友也在那里,我们可能会对朋友说“我不知道你在这儿”。对于这一句子,有人会翻译成:I don’t know you are here. 但这一译法是有问题的,因为在说话的时候我们已经知道朋友在那里了,“不知道”这个动作是发生在过去,时态应该用过去时,句子要改为:I didn’t know you were here.
关于动词时态这里还有一个例子,漫威电影Venom(毒液)里面女主角和男主角分手前有这样一段对话:
Annie: Your ego requires constant attention, and you're stubborn as hell. But I was willing to roll with it, Eddie, because I loved you.
Eddie: You "loved" me? What is that supposed to mean?
这里她用的是I loved you,而非I love you,说明她以前爱过(但现在不爱了)。动词时态变化隐含了丰富的含义,这一点在翻译中要特别注意。
(4)介词搭配有误
有些介词在英语中必不可少,但在汉语中可以省略,在这种情况下直译很容易出现介词遗漏的问题。
举个例子,“我们敲了门,但里面没人”,这句话可能会被译为:We knocked the door but there was no one there. 汉语中“敲”和“门”之间并不需要加介词,但英文里面要说knock at/on the door。
又比如,“他们会把他们取得的任何进步都告诉他”,这句话可能被译成:They would inform him any progress they had made. “告知某人某事”不能直接说inform somebody something,而要说inform somebody of something
比如“清明节是中国人扫墓的日子”,这句话如果直译为:Tomb-Sweeping Day is a day for Chinese people to sweep the tomb. 不熟悉中华文化的人看了估计会一头雾水。对于这个句子我们需要适当增加信息,比如:Tomb-Sweeping Day is a day when Chinese people visit the tombs of their ancestors to clean the gravesites and make ritual offerings.